Journal: Function

Article Title: Calcium Signaling in Pancreatic Immune Cells In situ

doi: 10.1093/function/zqaa026

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunostaining after Recording ATP-elicited Ca 2+ Signals in pancreatic macrophages (PMs). (A). Representative images of pancreatic lobule loaded with Fluo-4AM before (Ai) and after ATP (10 µM) application (Aii), the arrow indicates the position of the ( n = 8). A corresponding Fluo 4 trace from a PM is shown in Aiii . Corresponding immunostaining of this lobule with antibodies F4/80 Alexa Fluo 647 is shown below ( Aiv) . Hoechst 33342 staining of the same area is shown in Av . Arrow points to ear-like shape of PM nucleus. Overlay of antibody and Hoechst 33342 staining is shown in Avi . Scale bar is 10µm. (B). Immunostaining of another area in a pancreatic lobule with monoclonal F4/80 antibodies labeled with Alexa Fluor 647 (Bi) . Staining of nuclei in the same lobule with Hoechst 33342 (Bii) . Overlay of B i with Bii is shown in Biii . Scale bar is 10µm. (C). Representative images of a pancreatic lobule loaded with Fluo-4AM before (Ci) and after ATP (10 µM) application (Cii) , the arrow indicates the position of the PM. Corresponding Fluo 4 trace is shown in Ciii. Immunostaining of the same area with monoclonal CD11b antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 647 ( n = 8) is shown in Civ . Overlay of Cii and Civ is shown in Cv . Scale bar is 10µm.

Article Snippet: Mouse F4/80 monoclonal rat Antibody (CI-A3-1) [Alexa Fluor ® 647] and mouse CD11b/Integrin alpha M Alexa Fluor ® 647-conjugated monoclonal rat antibodies were obtained from Novus Biologicals Europe and R&D Systems Bio-techne, respectively.

Techniques: Immunostaining, Staining, Labeling

Journal: Function

Article Title: Calcium Signaling in Pancreatic Immune Cells In situ

doi: 10.1093/function/zqaa026

Figure Lengend Snippet: IgG-elicited Ca 2+ Spikes in PMs . (A). Single short Ca 2+ spike occurring after application of IgG (0.1–0.25 mg/mL) in a PM from a control pancreatic lobule. This was an infrequent observation (5 out of 29 cells tested) and is most likely not an IgG-elicited Ca 2+ signal as such single spikes have been also observed in 3 out of 15 cells in the absence of IgG stimulation. (B) . Representative trace of IgG (0.1–0.25 mg/mL)-induced Ca 2+ signals in PMs in pancreatic lobules isolated from mice with AP (FAEE-AP model—48 h). Such oscillations were observed in 9 out of 31 cells. Single short spikes have been observed in 4 out of 31 cells. No oscillations were observed in the absence of stimulation with IgG ( n = 14), while single short spikes have been observed in 2 out of 14 cells. (C). Average Ca 2+ spike frequencies in PMs displaying Ca 2+ signals under the conditions indicated. The frequencies in control PMs, both stimulated with IgG (blue bar) and unstimulated (green), as well as in unstimulated PMs from the FAEE-AP model (48 h, orange bar) were much lower than in PMs from the FAEE-AP model stimulated with IgG (red bar, P < 0.007). (D) . Average Ca 2+ spike duration in PMs displaying Ca 2+ signals under the conditions indicated. Although the average spike duration was longer in the PMs from the FAEE-AP mice stimulated with IgG than under the other conditions, the difference was not statistically different ( P > 0.2). (E). Representative images of immunostaining of PMs in lobules using antibodies F4/80 conjugated with Alexa Fluor 647. Lobules were isolated from control and FAEE-AP 3-day mice (72 h in vivo FAEE-AP model). Scale bar is 20µm. (F). Comparison of the average density of PMs in lobules from control and FAEE-AP 2-day and 3-day mice (48 h and 72 h in vivo FAEE-AP model, respectively). Control, 2.36 ± 0.6 SEM, n = 14; FAEE-AP 2 day, 9.56 ± 1.86 SEM, * P < 0.033, n = 16; FAEE-AP 3 days, 15.37 ± 1.51 SEM, * P < 0.038 as compared to FAEE-AP 2-day, n = 35. The difference between control and FAEE-AP 3-day was very highly significant (**** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Mouse F4/80 monoclonal rat Antibody (CI-A3-1) [Alexa Fluor ® 647] and mouse CD11b/Integrin alpha M Alexa Fluor ® 647-conjugated monoclonal rat antibodies were obtained from Novus Biologicals Europe and R&D Systems Bio-techne, respectively.

Techniques: Isolation, Immunostaining, In Vivo, Comparison

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Specific detection of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5): A case of antibody inequality

doi: 10.1038/srep31002

Figure Lengend Snippet: IRF5 antibody details.

Article Snippet: We also purchased two recently available pre-conjugated antibodies, PE-conjugated IC8447P (R&D; RDIC8447P-PE) and AF647-conjugated FAB8447R (Novus Biologicals; FAB8447R-AF647), for testing.

Techniques: Immunohistochemistry-IF

Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: Genetic models of cleavage-reduced and soluble TREM2 reveal distinct effects on myelination and microglia function in the cuprizone model

doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02671-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of BMDM from wild-type, TREM2-IPD, TREM2-sol and TREM2-KO mice. a Schematic representation of the TREM2 receptor. Black, red and yellow asterisks indicate the cleavage site in WT, the mutated cleavage site in TREM2-IPD and in TREM2-sol, respectively. b Flow cytometry analysis of murine cell surface TREM2 on BMDM. MFI: median fluorescence intensity. Sheddase inhibitor: DCP333 (DPC), sheddase activator PMA. c Analysis of supernatants from b of murine soluble TREM2 from BMDM. d ATP-based cell survival assay of BMDM upon M-CSF deprivation for 2 and 3.5 days. ATP levels of cells cultured with M-CSF ( n = 7) were set as 100% survival and compared to the ATP concentration after 2 ( n = 4) and 3.5 days ( n = 3) without M-CSF for each genotype. Statistics: Holm–Sidak’s two-way ANOVA multiple comparisons (* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, **** p ≤ 0.0001). e In vitro phagocytosis capacity of BMDM over 12 h (area-under-the curve) with 5 µg pHrodo-myelin per well ( n = 3). Fluorescence measurements in wells without prey were used as controls (data not shown). f Representative images of the Cathepsin B activity assay taken by the In-Cell Analyzer. The nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue), and the red fluorescence signals are derived from cleaved Magic red. g Quantification of the Cathepsin B assay images. The fluorescence integrated density of the Magic red signal was measured and normalized to the nuclei count. A significant ( p < 0.05) increase in normalized fluorescence between the DMSO control and K-18 within one genotype is marked by #. Statistics for d and g : Holm–Sidak’s two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons (* p ≤ 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, *** p < 0.0001). Statistics for e : One-way ANOVA test with Holm–Sidak’s multiple comparisons test (*** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001). All data are presented as means ± SEM

Article Snippet: Next, the cells were transferred to a 96-well clear V-Bottom microplate and stained with a human/mouse TREM2 Alexa Fluor 488 antibody (R&D Systems FAB17291G) or a rat IgG2A Alexa Fluor ® 488-conjugated isotype control (R&D Sytems, IC006G), for 30 min at 4 °C.

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence, Clonogenic Cell Survival Assay, Cell Culture, Concentration Assay, In Vitro, Activity Assay, Staining, Derivative Assay, Control

Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: Genetic models of cleavage-reduced and soluble TREM2 reveal distinct effects on myelination and microglia function in the cuprizone model

doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02671-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: MRI indicated myelination deficits in TREM2-sol and TREM2-KO in the acute cuprizone model. a Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for the cuprizone treatment and recovery. Groups consisted of mice treated for 5 weeks with control food or 0.2% cuprizone in food and then switched back to control food (normal food) for the 4-week recovery. MRI measurements were performed at week 0 (baseline), week 3 (except for TREM2-KO and wt2) and week 5 of cuprizone intoxication, at week 7 (2 weeks of recovery on control food, except for TREM2-KO and wt2) and at week 9 (4 weeks of recovery on control food). Mice were culled at week 9 immediately after the last MRI measurement. b Representative MRI images acquired from three mice at baseline, at maximal pathology (5 weeks of receiving 0.2% cuprizone) and at recovery (4 weeks after switching to control food) for the different genotypes. c Corresponding T2-weighted MRI signal intensity (relative to the signal intensity at baseline) in external capsule (EC). Group sizes: n = 7–9 for all genotypes and timepoints. Data are shown as means ± SEM. Statistics: ANOVA with random effects comparisons indicated significant differences with respect to WT mice: *0.01 < p < 0.05, ***0.0001 < p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. For each group examined, T2-weighted signals were significantly increased with respect to baseline values (significances not shown). d Analysis of TREM2 levels in the brain for mice receiving control food (ctrl), at peak of cuprizone intoxication (week 5, cpz) and after 4-week recovery (rec). n.d. not detected. Statistics: Holm–Sidak’s multiple comparison test one-way ANOVA (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, ++++ p < 0.0001 to the respective wt group). Wt1, as well as wt ctrl1, wt cpz1 and wt rec1 are the respective wild-type groups for the study with TREM2-IPD and TREM2-sol, wt2 is the wild-type group for the TREM2-KO study

Article Snippet: Next, the cells were transferred to a 96-well clear V-Bottom microplate and stained with a human/mouse TREM2 Alexa Fluor 488 antibody (R&D Systems FAB17291G) or a rat IgG2A Alexa Fluor ® 488-conjugated isotype control (R&D Sytems, IC006G), for 30 min at 4 °C.

Techniques: Control, Comparison

Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: Genetic models of cleavage-reduced and soluble TREM2 reveal distinct effects on myelination and microglia function in the cuprizone model

doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02671-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: TREM2-sol and TREM2-KO display myelin debris, lack of remyelination and axonal pathology in the EC. Representative pictures for the different genotypes and timepoints from histological stainings detecting a myelin with Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) and corresponding quantitative optical density (OD) analysis of LFB in the EC (normalized to WT at control food), b mature oligodendrocytes (GST-π) and corresponding image analysis in EC (GST-π soma area in %), c myelin basic protein debris (dMBP) and corresponding image analysis in EC (dMBP-stained area in %), d neurofilament (SMI312) and corresponding image analysis in EC (SMI312-stained area in %). Group sizes: n = 3-7 for all genotypes and timepoints. Data shown as means ± SEM. wt: wild-type, TREM2-IPD: TREM2 cleavage-reduced, TREM2-sol: TREM2 soluble-only, TREM2-KO: TREM2 knockout. Ctrl: control food, cpz: cuprizone food for 5 weeks, rec: recovery on control food for 4 weeks. EC: external capsule, CC: corpus callosum. Scale bars: 300 µm (overview), 50 µm (close-up). Statistics: Holm–Sidak`s multiple comparison test one-way ANOVA (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001). Comparisons not indicated are non-significant. Wt ctrl1, wt cpz1 and wt rec1 are the respective wild-type groups for the study with TREM2-IPD and TREM2-sol, Wt ctrl2, wt cpz2 and wt rec2 are the wild-type groups for the TREM2-KO study. Only statistical analysis within a study was performed. For c the analysis of the respective wt group for TREM2-KO was omitted as no dMBP signal was observed

Article Snippet: Next, the cells were transferred to a 96-well clear V-Bottom microplate and stained with a human/mouse TREM2 Alexa Fluor 488 antibody (R&D Systems FAB17291G) or a rat IgG2A Alexa Fluor ® 488-conjugated isotype control (R&D Sytems, IC006G), for 30 min at 4 °C.

Techniques: Control, Staining, Knock-Out, Comparison

Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: Genetic models of cleavage-reduced and soluble TREM2 reveal distinct effects on myelination and microglia function in the cuprizone model

doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02671-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Increase of NF-L in plasma from TREM2-sol and TREM2-KO in the acute cuprizone model. NF-L measurements in plasma of WT, TREM2-IPD, TREM2-sol and TREM2-KO mice receiving control food (ctrl), at 5 weeks of cuprizone intoxication (cpz) and at 4-week recovery on normal food (rec). Group sizes: wt ctrl ( n = 4), wt cpz ( n = 4), wt rec ( n = 4), TREM2-IPD ctrl ( n = 3), TREM2-IPD cpz ( n = 7), TREM2-IPD rec ( n = 7), TREM2-sol ctrl ( n = 4), TREM2-sol cpz ( n = 7), TREM2-sol rec ( n = 4), TREM2-KO cpz ( n = 4). One-way ANOVA Holm–Šídák's multiple comparisons test, * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. Comparisons not indicated are non-significant. Wt ctrl1, wt cpz1 and wt rec1 are the respective wild-type groups for the study with TREM2-IPD and TREM2-sol, wt ctrl2, wt cpz2 and wt rec2 are the wild-type groups for the TREM2-KO study. Only statistical analysis within a study was performed

Article Snippet: Next, the cells were transferred to a 96-well clear V-Bottom microplate and stained with a human/mouse TREM2 Alexa Fluor 488 antibody (R&D Systems FAB17291G) or a rat IgG2A Alexa Fluor ® 488-conjugated isotype control (R&D Sytems, IC006G), for 30 min at 4 °C.

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Control

Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: Genetic models of cleavage-reduced and soluble TREM2 reveal distinct effects on myelination and microglia function in the cuprizone model

doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02671-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: TREM2-IPD and TREM2-sol mice show both sustained microglia/astrocyte activation and enhanced LAMP-1 in the EC. Representative images for the different genotypes and timepoints from histological stainings detecting a Iba1 and corresponding image analysis of Iba1-positive soma numbers (normalized to WT at week 5 cuprizone), b astrocytes (GFAP) and corresponding image analysis (GFAP-stained area in %), c LAMP-1 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1) and corresponding image analysis (LAMP1-stained area in %), as well as d TMEM119 (homeostatic marker) and corresponding image analysis (TMEM119-stained area in %). Group sizes: n = 2-7 for all genotypes and timepoints. Data are shown as means ± SEM. WT: wild-type, TREM2-IPD: TREM2 cleavage-reduced, TREM2-sol: TREM2 soluble-only, TREM2-KO: TREM2 knockout. Ctrl: control food, cpz: cuprizone food for 5 weeks, rec: recovery on control food for 4 weeks. EC: external capsule. CC: corpus callosum. Scale bars: 300 µm (overview), 50 µm (close-up). Statistics: Holm–Sidak’s multiple comparison test one-way ANOVA (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001). Comparisons not indicated are non-significant. wt ctrl1, wt cpz1 and wt rec1 are the respective wild-type groups for the study with TREM2-IPD and TREM2-sol, wt ctrl2, wt cpz2 and wt rec2 are the wild-type groups for the TREM2-KO study. Only statistical analysis within a study was performed. For d the analysis of the respective wt group for TREM2-KO was omitted as no relevant TMEM119 signal was observed

Article Snippet: Next, the cells were transferred to a 96-well clear V-Bottom microplate and stained with a human/mouse TREM2 Alexa Fluor 488 antibody (R&D Systems FAB17291G) or a rat IgG2A Alexa Fluor ® 488-conjugated isotype control (R&D Sytems, IC006G), for 30 min at 4 °C.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Staining, Membrane, Marker, Knock-Out, Control, Comparison

Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: Genetic models of cleavage-reduced and soluble TREM2 reveal distinct effects on myelination and microglia function in the cuprizone model

doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02671-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Brain cytokine/chemokine response is reduced in TREM2-sol and TREM2-KO, but enhanced in TREM2-IPD. Cytokine/chemokine measurements in brain detecting MIP-1a, MIP-1b, IP-10 and MCP-1 in WT, TREM2-IPD, TREM2-sol and TREM2-KO with control food (ctrl), at 5 weeks of cuprizone intoxication (cpz) and at 4-week recovery on normal food (rec). Measurements are normalized to wt cpz. Group sizes: wt ctrl ( n = 4), wt cpz ( n = 4), wt rec ( n = 4), TREM2-IPD ctrl ( n = 4), TREM2-IPD cpz ( n = 7), TREM2-IPD rec ( n = 7), TREM2-sol ctrl ( n = 4), TREM2-sol cpz ( n = 7), TREM2-sol rec ( n = 4), TREM2-KO ctrl ( n = 7), TREM2-KO cpz ( n = 4), TREM2-KO rec ( n = 7). Statistics: ordinary one-way ANOVA Holm–Šídák's multiple comparisons test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. Comparisons not indicated are non-significant. wt ctrl1, wt cpz1 and wt rec1 are the respective wild-type groups for the study with TREM2-IPD and TREM2-sol, wt ctrl2, wt cpz2 and wt rec2 are the wild-type groups for the TREM2-KO study. Only statistical analysis within a study was performed

Article Snippet: Next, the cells were transferred to a 96-well clear V-Bottom microplate and stained with a human/mouse TREM2 Alexa Fluor 488 antibody (R&D Systems FAB17291G) or a rat IgG2A Alexa Fluor ® 488-conjugated isotype control (R&D Sytems, IC006G), for 30 min at 4 °C.

Techniques: Control

Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: Genetic models of cleavage-reduced and soluble TREM2 reveal distinct effects on myelination and microglia function in the cuprizone model

doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02671-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: TREM2-IPD showed enhanced myelination in the chronic cuprizone model. a Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for the cuprizone treatment and recovery. Groups consisted of mice treated for 12 weeks with control food (normal food) or 0.2% cuprizone in food and then switched back to control food for the 3-week recovery. MRI measurements were performed at timepoints indicated. Mice were culled at week 15 immediately after the last MRI measurement. b T2-weighted signals in the CC and EC during the 12-week intoxication period and the recovery phase were significantly increased with respect to baseline values and compared to analyses for mice receiving control diet throughout the experiment. The significance levels # 0.01 < p < 0.05 and ### p < 0.001 correspond to ANOVA with random effects comparisons between WT and TREM2-IPD animals. Representative images for the different genotypes and at week 15 from histological stainings detecting c myelin with Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) and corresponding quantitative optical density analysis of LFB in the EC and CC, and d mature oligodendrocytes (GST-π) and corresponding image analysis in EC and CC (GST-π soma area in %). Group sizes: n = 5–7 for all genotypes and timepoints. Male mice were used for the cuprizone groups. Data are shown as means ± SEM. WT: wild-type, TREM2-IPD: TREM2 cleavage-reduced. Ctrl: control food, rec: recovery on control food for 3 weeks. Control refers to TREM2-IPD mice receiving normal food throughout the study. EC: external capsule, CC: corpus callosum. Scale bars: 500 µm. Statistics: ordinary one-way ANOVA Holm–Šídák’s multiple comparisons test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, ns: not significant

Article Snippet: Next, the cells were transferred to a 96-well clear V-Bottom microplate and stained with a human/mouse TREM2 Alexa Fluor 488 antibody (R&D Systems FAB17291G) or a rat IgG2A Alexa Fluor ® 488-conjugated isotype control (R&D Sytems, IC006G), for 30 min at 4 °C.

Techniques: Control

Journal: Cells

Article Title: CD112 Supports Lymphatic Migration of Human Dermal Dendritic Cells

doi: 10.3390/cells13050424

Figure Lengend Snippet: CD112 is expressed in BM-DCs and LECs and supports DC transmigration. ( A ) Flow cytometry analysis of immature (−LPS) and LPS-matured (+LPS) BM-DCs (gated on live/single cells). ( B ) Summary of the delta mean fluorescent intensity (∆MFI; specific-isotype staining) values of CD112 expression of 11 independent experiments. ( C – F ) FACS analysis of CD112 expression in ( C ) LPS-matured BM-DCs and ( E ) primary LN-LECs, derived from WT and CD112 KO mice. ( D , F ) Summary of the ∆MFI values of CD112 expression of 4–6 independent experiments. Data points of the same experiment in ( B , D , F ) are connected by a line, and the mean ΔMFI values are indicated by horizontal lines. ( G ) Set up of the transmigration experiments to investigate the transmigration of BM-DCs (WT or KO) across an LEC monolayer (WT or KO). ( H ) Impact of ICAM-1 blockade on transmigration of WT BM-DCs. ( I,J ) Impact of loss of CD112 in either ( I ) LECs or ( J ) BM-DCs on transmigration. ( K ) Impact of simultaneous loss of CD112 in LECs and BM-DCs on transmigration. For each condition in ( H – K ), one representative experiment with n = 3 technical replicates is shown on the left, and a summary of the averages of 4 independent experiments (biological replicates, each experiment in a different color) is shown on the right. Data points of the same experiment are connected by a line. ( L ) Adhesion assay of WT and KO BM-DCs to WT or KO lymphatic endothelium. The pool of two independent experiments with three replicates per condition is shown (each dot represents a sample). # BM-DCs: number of BM-DCs. Data in all graphs show mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.

Article Snippet: Then the following antibodies or corresponding isotype controls were added for 30 min at 4 °C: APC/Cy7 rat anti-mouse CD45 (BioLegend), BV421 rat anti-mouse CD31 (BioLegend), APC Syrian hamster anti-mouse Podoplanin (BioLegend), PE/Cy7 or APC Armenian hamster anti-mouse CD11c (BioLegend), BV421 rat anti-mouse MHC class II (BioLegend), Alexa Fluor 488 rat anti-mouse CD112 (clone:829038, R&D system) and Zombie Aqua fixable viability dye (dilution as recommended by the manufacturer, BioLegend).

Techniques: Transmigration Assay, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Expressing, Derivative Assay, Cell Adhesion Assay

Journal: Cells

Article Title: CD112 Supports Lymphatic Migration of Human Dermal Dendritic Cells

doi: 10.3390/cells13050424

Figure Lengend Snippet: CD112 expression is high in LECs but low in DCs present in murine skin. ( A , B ) FACS analysis was performed to detect CD112 expression in dermal LECs and BECs. ( A ) Depiction of the gating strategy in one representative experiment. ( B ) Summary of the delta mean fluorescent intensity (∆MFI; specific-isotype staining) values of CD112 expression observed in 5 independent experiments. ( C – G ) Impact of TPA-induced skin inflammation on the expression of CD112 in LECs. ( C ) Schematic depiction of the experiment: Inflammation was induced in the murine ear skin by topical application of TPA and the ear skin and draining auricular LNs analyzed 24 h later. ( D – G ) FACS analyses were performed to quantify CD112 expression levels in LECs present in control or inflamed tissues. ( D , E ) Analysis of murine ear skin and ( F , G ) auricular LN single-cell suspensions. ( E , G ) The summary of ∆ MFI values was recorded in 5–6 different experiments performed in one control (CTL) and one TPA-inflamed (TPA) ear skin. ( H , I ) FACS gating and quantification of CD112 expression in DCs present in CTL and TPA-inflamed ear skin. ( H ) Gating strategy and ( I ) summary of ∆MFI values recorded in 3 different experiments. ( J – P ) Crawl-out experiments. ( J ) Schematic depiction of the experiment performed to evaluate CD112 expression in ( K – M ) DCs that had emigrated from murine ear skin into the culture medium or in ( N – P ) DCs that had remained in the cultured ear skin at the end of the experiment. Representative ( K , N ) FACS dot plots (gating on single/live cells), identifying DCs as MHCII + CD11c + cells. ( L , O ) Representative histogram plots showing CD112 expression in WT and KO DCs as well as the corresponding fluorescence minus one (FMO) control. ( M , P ) Summary of ∆MFI values (defined as specific staining—FMO) recorded in 4 different experiments performed with one WT and one KO mouse each. Data points in ( B , E , G , I , M , P ) of the same experiment are connected by a line.

Article Snippet: Then the following antibodies or corresponding isotype controls were added for 30 min at 4 °C: APC/Cy7 rat anti-mouse CD45 (BioLegend), BV421 rat anti-mouse CD31 (BioLegend), APC Syrian hamster anti-mouse Podoplanin (BioLegend), PE/Cy7 or APC Armenian hamster anti-mouse CD11c (BioLegend), BV421 rat anti-mouse MHC class II (BioLegend), Alexa Fluor 488 rat anti-mouse CD112 (clone:829038, R&D system) and Zombie Aqua fixable viability dye (dilution as recommended by the manufacturer, BioLegend).

Techniques: Expressing, Staining, Control, Cell Culture, Fluorescence

Journal: Cells

Article Title: CD112 Supports Lymphatic Migration of Human Dermal Dendritic Cells

doi: 10.3390/cells13050424

Figure Lengend Snippet: Loss of CD112 does not impact the in vivo migration of adoptively transferred or endogenous DCs to dLNs. ( A – D ) Adoptive transfer experiment. ( A ) Scheme of the experiment. ( B ) Gating strategy to identify fluorescently labeled adoptively transferred BM-DCs in popliteal LNs. ( C ) The ratio of KO–WT DCs recovered from popliteal LNs draining control (CTL) or CHS-inflamed (CHS) footpads of WT or KO mice. ( D – J ) FITC painting experiment. ( D ) Scheme of the experiment. ( E ) ΔEar thickness, defined as the difference between the ear thickness measured at the start and at the end of the experiment. ( F ) Cellularity and ( G ) weight of the ear-draining auricular LN at the end of the experiment. ( H ) Gating strategy to identify and quantify the number (#) of ( I ) all CD11c + MHCII hi migratory DCs (mDCs) and ( J ) FITC + mDCs. Summaries of three ( A – D ) and two ( D – J ) independent experiments, each with 2–7 mice per condition, are shown. Each dot represents one mouse. Mann–Whitney t -test was used. Red bars in all graphs show the mean. ns: not significant.

Article Snippet: Then the following antibodies or corresponding isotype controls were added for 30 min at 4 °C: APC/Cy7 rat anti-mouse CD45 (BioLegend), BV421 rat anti-mouse CD31 (BioLegend), APC Syrian hamster anti-mouse Podoplanin (BioLegend), PE/Cy7 or APC Armenian hamster anti-mouse CD11c (BioLegend), BV421 rat anti-mouse MHC class II (BioLegend), Alexa Fluor 488 rat anti-mouse CD112 (clone:829038, R&D system) and Zombie Aqua fixable viability dye (dilution as recommended by the manufacturer, BioLegend).

Techniques: In Vivo, Migration, Adoptive Transfer Assay, Labeling, Control, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Cells

Article Title: CD112 Supports Lymphatic Migration of Human Dermal Dendritic Cells

doi: 10.3390/cells13050424

Figure Lengend Snippet: Blockade of CD112 decreases in vitro transmigration of human moDCs across human dermal LEC monolayers. ( A – C ) Analysis of CD112, DNAM-1, TIGIT and CD113 expression in in vitro-differentiated ( A ) immature (−LPS) and ( B ) LPS-matured (+LPS) human moDCs. LPS was added 24 h prior to FACS analysis. Representative FACS plots are shown in ( A , B ). ( C ) Summary of the delta mean fluorescent intensity (∆MFI; defined as specific-isotype staining) values recorded for each corresponding marker in 3–6 independent experiments (biological replicates). Data points of the same experiment are connected by a line, and the means of the ΔMFI values are indicated by horizontal red lines. ( D , E ) Analysis of CD112, DNAM-1, TIGIT and CD113 expression in primary human dermal LECs. ( D ) Representative FACS histograms recorded upon gating on CD31 + podoplanin + cells, and ( E ) summary of the MFI values recorded for all markers and corresponding isotype controls in 4–5 independent experiments performed on LECs from two different donors. Data points of the same experiment are connected by a line, and the means of the MFI values are indicated by horizontal red lines. ( F – I ) Transmigration experiments involving human moDCs and human dermal LECs, performed in the presence/absence of ( F , G ) αICAM-1 or of ( H , I ) αCD112 or the corresponding isotype controls; ( F – I ) The number of transmigrated DCs (# DCs) was assessed. ( F , H ) show representative results from one representative experiment with n = 6 technical replicates per condition. ( G , I ) show the summaries of four independent experiments (i.e., different biological replicates, shown with different colors) with 3–6 replicates per condition. The averages from each experiment are connected by a line. The standard error of the mean (SEM) is shown; the Mann–Whitney t -test was used. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Then the following antibodies or corresponding isotype controls were added for 30 min at 4 °C: APC/Cy7 rat anti-mouse CD45 (BioLegend), BV421 rat anti-mouse CD31 (BioLegend), APC Syrian hamster anti-mouse Podoplanin (BioLegend), PE/Cy7 or APC Armenian hamster anti-mouse CD11c (BioLegend), BV421 rat anti-mouse MHC class II (BioLegend), Alexa Fluor 488 rat anti-mouse CD112 (clone:829038, R&D system) and Zombie Aqua fixable viability dye (dilution as recommended by the manufacturer, BioLegend).

Techniques: In Vitro, Transmigration Assay, Expressing, Staining, Marker, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Cells

Article Title: CD112 Supports Lymphatic Migration of Human Dermal Dendritic Cells

doi: 10.3390/cells13050424

Figure Lengend Snippet: CD112 is expressed by DCs and LECs in human skin. ( A – D ) FACS-based analysis of CD112 expression in endothelial cells and DCs present in human skin. ( A , C ) Gating strategy used to detect CD112 expression in ( A ) BECs and LECs and ( C ) DCs. ( B , D ) Summary of mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) values of CD112 expression in ( B ) LEC and BECs or ( D ) HLA-DR + CD86 + DCs in 2 independent experiments (i.e., different biological replicates) was analyzed. Data points of the same experiment are connected by a line. ( E , F ) Confocal images of human skin sections depicting ( E ) CD112 expression (white) by dendritic cells (examples indicated by white arrows), identified as HLA-DR + (green) and CD11c + (red). Scale bar = 100 μm ( F ) CD112 expression (white) by lymphatic vessels, LYVE-1 (green) and PLVAP (red). Scale bar = 100 μm. ( G ) Top: Gating strategy and Bottom: representative histogram plot showing CD112 expression on DCs that had emigrated from a human breast skin punch biopsy. ( H ) Crawl-out experiments from punch biopsies derived from either breast or abdominal skin were performed in the presence of a CD112-blocking antibody or media/isotype control (CTL) in the culture medium. Top: Representative FACS gating plot from abdominal skin. Bottom: Quantification of emigrated HLA-DR+CD86 + DCs. Pooled data from 5 independent experiments with 4–10 punches per condition are shown. ( I ) Crawl-out experiment from abdominal skin punch biopsies to verify the expression of CD112-binding partners DNAM-1, TIGIT and CD113 on human DCs, identified as live, HLA-DR + cells. Representative stainings from one out of three independent experiments are shown. The mean and standard deviation (SD) are shown in (H). Mann–Whitney t -test was used. ** p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Then the following antibodies or corresponding isotype controls were added for 30 min at 4 °C: APC/Cy7 rat anti-mouse CD45 (BioLegend), BV421 rat anti-mouse CD31 (BioLegend), APC Syrian hamster anti-mouse Podoplanin (BioLegend), PE/Cy7 or APC Armenian hamster anti-mouse CD11c (BioLegend), BV421 rat anti-mouse MHC class II (BioLegend), Alexa Fluor 488 rat anti-mouse CD112 (clone:829038, R&D system) and Zombie Aqua fixable viability dye (dilution as recommended by the manufacturer, BioLegend).

Techniques: Expressing, Derivative Assay, Blocking Assay, Control, Binding Assay, Standard Deviation, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation

Article Title: P2X7R mutation disrupts the NLRP3-mediated Th program and predicts poor cardiac allograft outcomes

doi: 10.1172/JCI94524

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) P2X7R and NLRP3 immunoprecipitation (IP) in human CD4+ T cells. Expression of NLRP3 (top blot) and P2X7R (bottom blot) is shown. Lane 1: Total protein. Lane 2: IP with NLRP3 Ab. Lane 3: IP with P2X7R Ab. Lane 4: IP with Ab alone (NLRP3 and P2X7R). Lane 5: IP with control IgG (for NLRP3 Ab in top blot, for P2X7R Ab in bottom blot). The experiment was run in triplicate (representative blot shown). (B and C) Confocal microscopy analysis (B, scale bar: 5 μm, ×100 original magnification; C, scale bars: 20 μm, ×40 original magnification) depicting baseline colocalization of P2X7R (green) and NLRP3 (red) in human CD4+ T cells. Cells were stained with DAPI (blue) and immunolabeled with anti-P2X7R (green) and anti-NLRP3 Abs (red) (n = 3). (D–F) Bar graphs depicting expression of NLRP3 mRNA by qRT-PCR (D), and protein by flow cytometry (E) and ELISA (F), evaluated in human CD4+ T cells activated with benzoyl ATP (BzATP) and treated with CE-224,535, a P2X7R inhibitor. Experiments were run in duplicate (n = 5). (G) Bar graph representing expression of NLRP3 on human CD4+P2X7R+ cells analyzed by flow cytometry upon BzATP stimulation (n = 5). (H) Representative flow dot plots of NLRP3 expression upon gating on human BzATP-stimulated CD4+P2X7R+ cells. (I) Confocal analysis (scale bar: 5 μm; ×100 original magnification) depicting colocalization of P2X7R (green) and NLRP3 (red) in CD4+ T cells upon in vitro stimulation of P2X7R with BzATP (n = 3). (J–M) Bar graphs comparing expression of NLRP3 downstream signaling Th2-related factors IL-4 (J), IRF4 (K), GATA-3 (L), and IL-10 (M) by qRT-PCR using mRNA isolated from human CD4+ T cells activated with BzATP and treated with the P2X7R inhibitor CE-224,535. Experiments were run in triplicate (n = 5). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001; 1-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test or Student’s t test. mRNA expression was normalized to β-actin (ACTB).

Article Snippet: Purified anti–human NLRP3 (IC7578G) and Alexa Fluor 488–conjugated anti–rabbit NLRP3 (IC7578G) were purchased from R&D Systems and BD Biosciences, respectively.

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Expressing, Control, Confocal Microscopy, Staining, Immunolabeling, Quantitative RT-PCR, Flow Cytometry, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, In Vitro, Isolation

Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation

Article Title: P2X7R mutation disrupts the NLRP3-mediated Th program and predicts poor cardiac allograft outcomes

doi: 10.1172/JCI94524

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) A 3D representation of the full-length structure of P2X7R, highlighting the putative location of the P2X7R mutation in the C-terminal intracellular portion. (B and C) Quantification of P2X7R total protein (B, ELISA, n = 3) and of P2X7R mRNA (C, qRT-PCR, n = 10) on CD4+ T cells of carrier and noncarrier patients. Samples were run in duplicate (B) or in triplicate (C) and normalized to expression level of β-actin (ACTB). (D) Transcriptome profiling of immune-relevant genes (see also Supplemental Table 3) examined in CD4+ T cells of carrier and noncarrier cardiac-transplanted patients (n = 5). (E–G) Expression of NLRP3 mRNA using qRT-PCR (E) and NLRP3 protein using flow cytometry (F) and ELISA (G) in CD4+ T cells of carrier and noncarrier patients (n = 5). (H and I) Flow cytometric expression of NLRP3 on CD4+P2X7R+ cells of carrier patients stimulated with BzATP (n = 5). (J) Percentage of P2X7R+NLRP3+ cells of carrier and noncarrier patients analyzed by immunofluorescence (Figure 1C and Supplemental Figure 2G) (n = 3). (K) Confocal microscopy analysis (×100 original magnification) of P2X7R (green) and NLRP3 (red) coexpression in CD4+ T cells of carrier patients (n = 3). Scale bar: 5 μm. (L) Subcellular localization of NLRP3 in CD4+ T cells of carrier and of noncarrier patients (n = 3). (M and N) IL-4 (M) and IRF4 (N) gene expression detected after ChIP with NLRP3 antibody in CD4+ T cells. (n = 3). (O) Quantification of NLRP3 protein measured in CD4+ T cells treated with the ubiquitin/protease inhibitor MG132 (n = 3). Bars represent mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001; Student’s t test or 2-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test.

Article Snippet: Purified anti–human NLRP3 (IC7578G) and Alexa Fluor 488–conjugated anti–rabbit NLRP3 (IC7578G) were purchased from R&D Systems and BD Biosciences, respectively.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Immunofluorescence, Confocal Microscopy, Gene Expression, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Protease Inhibitor

Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation

Article Title: P2X7R mutation disrupts the NLRP3-mediated Th program and predicts poor cardiac allograft outcomes

doi: 10.1172/JCI94524

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Percentage of in vitro–generated Th17 cells obtained from CD4+ T cells of carrier and noncarrier patients (n = 8). (B and C) Representative flow zebra plots (B) and quantitative histogram (C) depicting the percentage of peripheral CD4+IL-17+ cells (n = 8). (D) IL-17 plasma levels of carrier and noncarrier patients (n = 10). (E) IL-17 levels (Luminex) measured in the supernatants of unstimulated 24-hour-cultured CD4+ T cells of carrier and noncarrier patients (n = 5). (F) Table summarizing the secretome profile (Luminex, n = 5) and primary phenotypic characteristics (flow cytometry, n = 4) of carrier and noncarrier polarized Th17 cells. (G and H) Normalized mRNA expression of Th2-related factors IL-4 (G) and GATA-3 (H) measured in noncarrier CD4+ T cells exposed to transient knockdown of NLRP3 using silencing RNA (siRNA), before and after anti-CD3-Ig/anti-CD28-Ig stimulation (n = 3). (I–K) Normalized mRNA expression of the Th2-related factors IL-4 (I), IL-10 (J), and GATA-3 (K) measured in noncarrier CD4+ T cells exposed to transient knockdown of NLRP3 (siRNA), upon BzATP exposure (n = 4). (L and M) Normalized mRNA expression of the Th2-related factors IL-4 (L) and GATA-3 (M) measured in carrier CD4+ T cells, in which NLRP3 was overexpressed, before and after anti-CD3-Ig/anti-CD28-Ig stimulation (n = 3). (N) Effects of various treatments (anti–IL-17 antibody, RMT1-10, cyclosporin A [CsA] and rapamycin [Rapa]) on in vitro–generated Th17 cells (n = 5). Experiments were run in triplicate (D, G, H, and N) or in duplicate (F and I–M). mRNA expression was normalized to ACTB. Bars represent mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001; Student’s t test or 1-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test.

Article Snippet: Purified anti–human NLRP3 (IC7578G) and Alexa Fluor 488–conjugated anti–rabbit NLRP3 (IC7578G) were purchased from R&D Systems and BD Biosciences, respectively.

Techniques: In Vitro, Generated, Clinical Proteomics, Luminex, Cell Culture, Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Knockdown

Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation

Article Title: P2X7R mutation disrupts the NLRP3-mediated Th program and predicts poor cardiac allograft outcomes

doi: 10.1172/JCI94524

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) P2X7R–/– mice receiving bm12 heart transplantation demonstrated reduced graft survival as compared with B6 recipients (**P < 0.01), which was significantly prolonged by anti–IL-17 treatment (murine IL-17–depleting antibody) (*P < 0.05 vs. P2X7R–/–) (n = 10 mice per group). (B–D) Semiquantification of graft infiltration (B), coronary vasculopathy (C), and myocyte necrosis (D) confirmed accelerated allograft rejection in P2X7R–/– mice (n = 3). (E) Representative H&E staining (x20 original magnification) showing graft cell infiltration (top panels), vasculopathy (middle panels), and myocyte necrosis (bottom panels) in B6 and P2X7R–/– mice. Scale bars: 200 μm (middle panels), 300 μm (top and bottom panels). (F and G) Numbers of IFN-γ–producing (F) and IL-4–producing (G) cells (ELISPOT) measured in cardiac-transplanted mice (n = 3). (H–M) Percentage of CD4+IL-17+ (H), CD4+IFN-γ+ (I), CD4+IL-10+ (J), CD4+CD44hiCD62Llo (K), CD8+CD44hiCD62Llo (L), and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ (M) cells detected by flow cytometry in B6 and P2X7R–/– cardiac-transplanted mice and in P2X7R–/– anti–IL-17–treated mice (n = 5). (N) Serum IL-17 level (Luminex) measured in B6 and P2X7R–/– cardiac-transplanted mice and in P2X7R–/– anti–IL-17–treated mice (n = 5). (O) Percentage of CD4+NLRP3+ cells analyzed by flow cytometry in P2X7R–/– and B6 mice (n = 3). (P) Number of IL-4–producing cells (ELISPOT) in P2X7R–/– and B6 mice upon allostimulation (n = 3). (Q) Serum IL-4 level (Luminex), measured in B6 and P2X7R–/– cardiac-transplanted mice (n = 5). Samples were run in duplicate (Luminex) and in triplicate (ELISPOT). Bars represent mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.001; log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test (A), Wilcoxon’s and Student’s t test (2 groups), 1-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test (3 groups).

Article Snippet: Purified anti–human NLRP3 (IC7578G) and Alexa Fluor 488–conjugated anti–rabbit NLRP3 (IC7578G) were purchased from R&D Systems and BD Biosciences, respectively.

Techniques: Transplantation Assay, Staining, Enzyme-linked Immunospot, Flow Cytometry, Luminex

Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation

Article Title: P2X7R mutation disrupts the NLRP3-mediated Th program and predicts poor cardiac allograft outcomes

doi: 10.1172/JCI94524

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Bar graph depicting the percentage of cardiac-transplanted patients who carry the WT or mutant P2X7R allele (n = 102) with an MIT change greater than 0.5 mm (early cardiac allograft vasculopathy, in black) at 1 year after transplantation in the CTOT-05 cohort. (B) Bar graph depicting the number of acute rejection episodes in cardiac-transplanted patients who carry the WT (black) or mutant (white) P2X7R allele (n = 181) within the first year after transplant in the NIT-Bergamo cohort. (C) Bar graph depicting the percentage of cardiac-transplanted patients who carry the WT or mutant P2X7R allele (n = 130) with major adverse cardiac events (MACEs, in black) at 10 years of follow-up in the AIRT-Bologna cohort. In A and C: black, percentage of patients who experienced the event; white, percentage who were free from events. (D) Line graph depicting the estimated odds ratio (OR) for clinical outcomes recorded in the 3 cohorts of cardiac-transplanted patients who carry the WT or mutant P2X7R allele. In the NIT-Bergamo cohort, the OR was calculated based on the requirement of medical intervention for acute rejection episodes with a frequency of greater or less than 3 episodes. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. Supplemental Tables 7–9 report detailed analyses. Fisher’s exact and Student’s t tests. (E and F) A stable connection between P2X7R and NLRP3 is necessary to establish a physiological NLRP3-mediated Th2 program (E), while alteration in the P2X7R intracellular domain induces NLRP3 displacement and retains NLRP3 in the cell membrane, thus preventing its nuclear activity and accelerating ubiquitination of NLRP3 (F). This shifts the balance of the immune response toward Th17 cells and favors the development of immune-related events, such as allograft rejection and vasculopathy. Ub, ubiquitin; eATP, extracellular ATP.

Article Snippet: Purified anti–human NLRP3 (IC7578G) and Alexa Fluor 488–conjugated anti–rabbit NLRP3 (IC7578G) were purchased from R&D Systems and BD Biosciences, respectively.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Transplantation Assay, Membrane, Activity Assay, Ubiquitin Proteomics

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Longitudinal intravital imaging of the femoral bone marrow reveals plasticity within marrow vasculature

doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-01538-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: The bone marrow within the imaging volume reaches steady-state comparable to homeostasis 28 days after LIMB implantation. a Immunofluorescence analysis of bone sections after removal of the LIMB implant over the time course of 4 weeks. ECM formation was identified by the marker Laminin (Lam). Stem-cell antigen 1 (Sca-1) is highly expressed in arterioles. The leukocyte marker CD45 indicates localization of inflammatory cells adjacent to the window cavity (wc). Lam is highly expressed around the implant during the first week and completely normalizes after 2–4 weeks. CD45 + cell accumulations are found during the first weeks in proximity to the wc. b Movat’s pentachrome stain detects connective tissues and reveals remodeling of bone primarily on the periosteal interface near the fixation plate. a , b Images are representative for 3–5 mice per time point post-surgery. c Overview immunofluorescence images of the femoral bones from an individual mouse 3 days post-surgery. Note the specific reaction to the implant-bone marrow interfaces indicated by accumulations of CD45 + cells, and Lam + and Sca1 + arteries (yellow). bm bone marrow, cb cortical bone. d Immunofluorescence image of the region around the endoscope tubing in a LIMB-implanted femur 7 days post-surgery, including the bone cortex and periosteum under the plate. The presence of various blood vessel subsets indicated by CD31 and Emcn demonstrates intact blood supply to the periosteum and to the bone. Scale bar = 100 µm. e Blood supply is intact throughout the marrow cavity, indicated by CMTPX-labeled splenocytes, which localize in the bone marrow 4 h after transplantation in both contralateral and LIMB-implanted femurs at 42 days post-surgery ( n = 3 mice). f Histological DAPI stain (gray) shows intact tissue structure, with no separation of the bone marrow and the vasculature by the screws or endoscope tubing. g Flow cytometry analysis of femurs with the LIMB implant, their contralateral femurs and femurs of control mice. Similar frequencies and cell counts of various cell populations shows no effect of the LIMB implant on bone marrow cell composition ( n = 8 LIMB-implanted mice, n = 8 controls, two independent experiments). Error bars represent s.e.m. values. Statistical analysis was performed using t -test

Article Snippet: Sections of 7 μm were blocked with 5% FCS/PBS for 30 min and stained with antibodies in 5% FCS/PBS/0.1% Tween for 1–2 h at room temperature: CD45 (1:100, ThermoFisher eBioscience, Frankfurt, Germany, 30-F11), Sca-1-APC (1:200, eBioscience, 17-5981-82), Laminin (1:200, Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany, L9393), c-kit-PE (1:100, 130-102-542, Miltenyi, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany), Ki-67-bio (1:100, eBioscience, 14-5698-82), Endomucin (1:100, Santa Cruz, sc-65495), CD31-A488 (1:100, R&D Systems, FAB3628G).

Techniques: Imaging, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Staining, Labeling, Transplantation Assay, Flow Cytometry, Control

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Longitudinal intravital imaging of the femoral bone marrow reveals plasticity within marrow vasculature

doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-01538-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: LIMB and immunofluorescence analysis indicate possible mechanisms of vascular morphological changes deep in the femoral bone marrow, during regeneration, and in steady-state homeostasis. a Immunofluorescence analysis shows that type H vessels, characterized by CD31 hi Emcn hi -expressing endothelial cells, are induced and present around the implant at day 3 after LIMB implantation. Their presence may vary individually but normalizes within 28 days post-surgery. Sinusoidal and type H vessel morphology adjacent to the wc is irregular in the first week and completely reorganizes to an appearance comparable to vessels found at endosteal areas distant from the injury site ( n = 3 mice). bm bone marrow, cb cortical bone. Scale bar = 500 µm (left panels). b Immunofluorescence analysis after EdU pulse-chase experiments indicates similar EdU-uptake in the bone marrow of LIMB-implanted femurs and contralateral bones. Proliferating endothelial cells were rarely present at late time points after implantation. This result also supports the conclusion that 28 days after LIMB implantation both the bone and the bone marrow reach homeostasis ( n = 3 mice in each cohort). c 3D fluorescence image (300 × 300 × 66 µm 3 , left and right panel) acquired by LIMB 26 days post-surgery, in a paGFP mouse with the vasculature labeled by Qdots. Photoactivation was performed within a volume of 100 × 100 × 9 µm 3 in the center of the image. The fluorescence image was acquired 2 h post activation. Scale bar = 50 µm. The middle panel shows time-lapse 3D images of the inset from the left panel, indicating that paGFP fluorescent cells outside the initial photoactivation volume are present 3 h after photoactivation and that they fluctuate in number and position within the tissue. Passive displacement of the relatively immobile stromal and vascular compartments by continuous proliferation and movement of hematopoietic cells is a possible mechanism of tissue and vascular re-localization during homeostasis (see Supplementary Movies , )

Article Snippet: Sections of 7 μm were blocked with 5% FCS/PBS for 30 min and stained with antibodies in 5% FCS/PBS/0.1% Tween for 1–2 h at room temperature: CD45 (1:100, ThermoFisher eBioscience, Frankfurt, Germany, 30-F11), Sca-1-APC (1:200, eBioscience, 17-5981-82), Laminin (1:200, Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany, L9393), c-kit-PE (1:100, 130-102-542, Miltenyi, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany), Ki-67-bio (1:100, eBioscience, 14-5698-82), Endomucin (1:100, Santa Cruz, sc-65495), CD31-A488 (1:100, R&D Systems, FAB3628G).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Pulse Chase, Fluorescence, Labeling, Activation Assay